Papaya ringspot virus is transmitted from infected papaya trees to healthy trees by the feeding action of various species of aphids, especially the green peach aphid and melon aphid.
What is the transmission of papaya mosaic virus?
It is transmitted by mechanical inoculation. No insect vector is involved and it is not transmitted in seeds. Mature virions form banded inclusions that can be seen in leaf strips of infected plants when stained with either the Orange-Green protein stain or the Azure A nucleic acid stain.
How can papaya virus be controlled?
The most effective treatment was application of neem oil 1% + Dimethoate 1.05% with least disease incidence (6.66%) and 41.66% respectively at 60 and 150 DAP.
How does papaya control ring spot virus?
Control measures
There are no treatments for viruses. Since Papaya ringspot virus may have spread before the symptoms appeared, the focus should be on prevention such as using resistant crop varieties and eliminating weeds and aphids.
How does papaya ringspot virus introduce to papaya plant?
Papaya ringspot disease is spread from plant-to-plant by aphids, which are small sap-sucking insects. There are many species of aphids that are capable of transmitting the virus.
Is ringspot virus harmful to humans?
Currently, transgenic papaya is the dominant cultivar grown in Hawaii and as of 2010 accounts for more than 70% of Hawaii’s papaya acreage. Rainbow and SunUp have been commercially grown and consumed in Hawaii and the rest of the U.S. for more than a decade without any reports of adverse effects on human health.
What virus commonly infects organic papayas?
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree. The virus is a non-enveloped, flexuous rod-shaped particle that is between 760–800 nm long and 12 nm in diameter.
Which part of the body is affected by papaya deformity?
It is characterized by the appearance of water-soaked patches on the stem near the ground level. These patches enlarge rapidly and girdle the stem, causing rotting of the tissues, which then turn dark brown or black.
When did the papaya ringspot virus first appear?
1945
Although first reported in 1945 (Jensen, 1949), PRSV was probably observed as early as 1937 (Parris, 1938) on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. PRSV appeared to cause a relatively mild disease of papaya until the middle 1950s when a strain of the virus causing yellow mosaic disease was reported (Ishii and Holtzmann, 1963).
What is virus resistant papaya?
Genetically engineered papaya expressing the coat protein gene of PRSV are resistant to the virus and are used commercially in Hawaii, one of only two cases for using commercial transgenic virus-resistant crops in the US.
What causes spots on papaya?
Black spot of papaya is caused by the fungus Asperisporium caricae, previously referred to as Cercospora caricae. This disease is most severe during rainy periods.
Which of the following is a cause of bunchy top disease of papaya?
Although bunchy top was originally thought to be caused by a virus, the disease is most likely caused by a mycoplasma-like organism (MLO).
How do you treat papaya leaf curl?
There is no chemical treatment for viral infections. However, holding the population of whiteflies in check can reduce the severity of the infection. Soil application at the time of sowing and 4-5 foliar sprays of dimethoate or metasystox at an interval of 10 days can effectively control whitefly populations.
Where did the ringspot virus come from?
Papaya ringspot virus is transmitted from infected papaya trees to healthy trees by the feeding action of various species of aphids, especially the green peach aphid and melon aphid.
Where does the PRSV CP gene come from?
Genetic element (GENE)
The cp gene from PRSV encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Papaya ringspot virus. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by PRSV.
What is resistant to ringspot virus?
Papaya orchards throughout most of the world are severely damaged by the destructive disease caused by the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). PRSV-resistant papaya expressing the coat protein gene (CP) of PRSV have been used in Hawaii to control PRSV since 1998.
Can we eat papaya ringspot virus?
Yes. The squash looks too beautiful to eat, BUT it is safe to consume. Can other plants get this? PRSV Type W affects all cucurbits.
How does Rainbow papaya work?
The Rainbow papaya is an F-1 hybrid variety of papaya produced by crossing Hawaii’s yellow-flesh Kapoho Solo variety with the red-flesh SunUp.
What is the cause of tobacco mosaic?
Tobacco mosaic is caused by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the first virus ever identified. Numerous variants (strains) of the virus have subsequently been described. TMV survives in infected plants (including viable seeds), as well as in debris from these plants.
What gene is inserted into papaya?
PRSV CP gene
The first commercialized transgenic papaya carrying the PRSV CP gene was introduced to Hawaii in 1998 and saved the remains of the papaya industry10. However, CP-transgenic resistance of papaya is expressed in a nucleotide-sequence-homology-dependent manner11.
Who is the cause of papaya foot rot disease?
Stem rot on papaya caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Photo 6. Root rot and/or basal stem rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora, resulting in a wilt and rapid death of the trees.